下面一些用語或口語,在字眼上,頗有相似之處,但在意義和用法上,卻有不同。使用時要特別小心,以免出錯。
son of a gun 與 son of a bitch:
son of a gun 是對好友表示一種驚訝的口語(an interjection or an exclamation of surprise between very good friends),有點像「壞蛋」、「家伙」的味道。
但 son of a bitch(或 SOB)是美國人極為嚴重的罵人話(curse word),千萬不可亂用,以免鬧事。因為這不但意味這位 son 沒有確定的父親,同時母親也是缺乏道德和貞操(less virtuous)。 例如:
* I have not seen you for a long time;you (are)son of a gun!(你這壞蛋啊,我好久不見你了!)
* After the two men called each other“son of a bitch”(SOB),they started a fight.(這兩位男子互罵SOB後,就動起武來。)
至於 son of a gun 的來由,據(jù)說從前女人可以住在海軍船上服務。結(jié)果一位女人生下孩子時,不知父親是誰,於是船上的人,就以「gun」做為孩子的 paternity,孩子也就被稱為「son of a gun」。雖然只用在好友中,但有時也真有壞蛋的意思(evil person or a rogue)所以不是恭維語(complimentary word),除非真正好友,少用為妙。
at large 與 by and large:
at large 當形容詞,最常用的意思是指嫌犯脫逃,逍遙法外(escape,referring to criminal before arrest)而 by and large 當副詞用,意思是一般而言(generally speaking on the whole)。 例如:
* The murder suspect is still at large. (兇手仍然逍遙法外)
* By and large, I feel(that)the new proposal is sensible.(大體來說,我認為新的建議是很切合實際的。)
* By and large, most people will care about their weight. (一般而言,許多人關(guān)心他們的體重)
然而,有時 at large 也有「一般」(in general)的意思。 例如:
* The Chinese people at large are peace-loving. (一般中國人是愛好和平的)
Here you go 與 Here you go again:
Here you go 是指給別人東西時說:「這就是你要的」(=Here is what you want);有時也表示同意對方的意見(= you are right);有時又與 there you go 互用。
* The cashier said, “Here you go!”when she gave me the change. (當收款員找我零錢時,她說:「這就是!」)
但是 Here you(或 we)go again 意思是「你又舊事重提了」,表示對一件事情多次重復的厭煩。(feel annoyed when something is repeated over and over again)。例如:
* When he brought up the same issue to me, I said, “Here you go again!”(當他向我提出同樣的問題時,我說:「又是老話題了!」) 至於“Here goes”又是指說話者開始做某事時說:「開始了」。例如:
*“Here goes!”, shouted the racer as he started running.(當賽跑者開始跑步時,喊著「我就開始了!」)
to marry (someone)與 to be married to(someone): marry 當做及物動詞時,多用主動語態(tài)(active voice)。 例如:
* She married a man ten years younger(或older). (她嫁給一位比她小或大十歲的男人)
= She married a man ten years her junior(或senior).
但是 marry 用在被動語態(tài)時(passive voice),後面要用介系詞 to。 例如:
* She is(was)married to a man ten years younger(older).
= She is (was)married to a man ten years her junior(senior).(假如用 is,指目前還是夫妻,如用 was,可能已經(jīng)不是夫妻了)
然而,在 married 後面用介系詞 by 時,又有「牧師證婚」的意思。 例如:
* She was married by a man ten years younger. (是指為她證婚的牧師,比她小十歲。)
* She was married by my father.(為他證婚的牧師是我老爸。)(因為牧師證婚已成過去,所以要用過去式 was。)
near 與 near by:
near 是介系詞(preposition)通常後面跟受詞(object),但是 near by(或 nearby)當形容詞(adjective)意思是指「附近」(=close),只指某一地方(somewhere),沒有特定地點(no specific location)。 例如:
* The school is near the railway station. (學校在火車站附近。)
* The post office and library are near by. (郵局和圖書館都在附近。)
可見 near by(或 nearby)通常後面不加受詞,不然就顯得 awkward 了。所以很少人說:
* I ate at a near restaurant. 不過可以說:
* I ate at a nearby restaurant.; 或
* The restaurant where I ate is nearby.(不過也有老外用 near)
school is open 與 the school is open:
school is open (或 schools are open) 是指「學校開學」(classes are in session),這里的 open 是形容詞,school 前面不加冠詞 the,意味整個中小學的 school system。但是 the school is open,多指學校的建筑物開放著,但沒有學生上課。
同理:He goes to school. 是指他去上學讀書受教育,而 He goes to the school. 又指他去學校的建筑物(看朋友、參觀等)。
至於 School is closed.(或 Schools are closed.) 是指「學校停課」,前面也不加 the。
注意:close 當形容詞時,也有「附近」(nearby) 或「友善」(friendly) 的意思。 例如:
* The school is close(=nearby).(學校在附近。)
* That is a close neighborhood.(那是一個友善的住宅區(qū)),而 The school is opened at 8 a.m.; 或
* The school is closed at 5 p.m.(都是指學校的建筑物開放或關(guān)閉的時間。)
但是 The store is open. 是指店鋪在營業(yè)中(= Business is going on.),而 The store is closed. 又是指店鋪暫時不營業(yè)。
假如店鋪是永久性的「關(guān)門大吉」,就應該說:
* The store was closed down. (permanently)
不過 closed 當形容詞時,又有「保守」(conservative)或受某種「限制」(restricted)的意思。 例如:
* This is a closed community.(這是一個保守的社區(qū)。)(由於宗教信仰等原因,美國有的社區(qū)不歡迎外來的人。)