2. 句子：

In order to provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms known as

“Incoterms 1936“.

這句句子的難點(diǎn)在前半句.我們可以把句子簡化成:

To provide a set of rules for the interpretation of trade terms in foreign trade.

2.1 interpretation “解釋、說明”

2.2 trade terms “貿(mào)易術(shù)語、貿(mào)易條款、貿(mào)易條件”

trade practices “貿(mào)易慣例,貿(mào)易實(shí)踐”

trade contract “貿(mào)易合同”

trade fair “貿(mào)易交易會(huì)”

domestic trade “國內(nèi)貿(mào)易”

foreign trade “對外貿(mào)易”

句子中其他需要解釋的地方還有:

2.3 uniform = the same

2.4 commonly = generally, usually “通常地、一般地、普遍地”

2.5 be known as “通稱為,以…著稱”

3. 我們把兩句句子連在一起看, 注釋的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在前一句：

Later amendments and additions were made to it to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices. The latest edition is “Incoterms 2000”, which include 13 different international trade terms.

3.1 later / latest

(1) Later amendments and additions were … 第一句

(2) The latest edition is “Incoterms 2000”,… 第二句

我們需要注意這樣一個(gè)字型形似的問題:

表示時(shí)間概念上的比較級和最高級: late – later – latest

(晚的 – 稍后,隨后 – 最近的,最新的)

表示順序概念上的比較級和最高級: late – latter – last

(晚的 – 后面的 – 最后的)

3.2 amendment and addition were made to it …

(1) amend (尤指對規(guī)則、法律、聲明等條款所作的)“修正,修訂,修改”.

名詞: amendment (做可數(shù)名詞時(shí)的解釋.)

這些相關(guān)聯(lián)的名詞還有:

revise (尤指為改正或修訂而仔細(xì)閱讀并)“校訂,修訂”.

例如: a revised edition (修訂版)

名詞: revision

modify (尤指輕微的)“修改,更改”.

名詞: modification

edition (書籍、報(bào)刊等)“版本,版次”.

例如: the latest edition

動(dòng)詞: edit

publication “出版物”.

動(dòng)詞: publish

(2) addition 原意是“增加物”. 這里指添加的條款或內(nèi)容.

3.3 (be) in line (with) = in agreement with

(與…齊的,與…平的,引申為與…相同,與…一致,與…相適應(yīng))

反義詞: (be) out of line (with)

3.4 current = of the present time (現(xiàn)今的,時(shí)下的,當(dāng)代的)

4. 句子：

Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and other obligations.

我們可以換成這樣一句句子來加以理解:

Each term specifies the traders must bear each relevant responsibility and obligation. 即貿(mào)易商都必須承擔(dān)(bear)各自相關(guān)的責(zé)任和義務(wù).

4.1 responsibility / obligation / duty / be responsible for sth.

4.1.1 responsibility = duty 解釋 “責(zé)任”, 其涵義在于:

出于法律、道德、職業(yè)等要求必須對他人承擔(dān)或履行的責(zé)任. 這是一個(gè)比較正規(guī)的用詞.

4.1.2 obligation = duty 解釋 “義務(wù)”, 其涵義在于:

強(qiáng)調(diào)因?yàn)楹贤?、承諾、道義等因素而產(chǎn)生的約束力.尤其是指來自于外部的具體的、明確的約束力.

這是一個(gè)比較正規(guī)的用詞,當(dāng)該詞做可數(shù)名詞用的時(shí)候,是指“個(gè)人的本職或具體的工作”. 它的反義詞是 right (權(quán)利)

4.1.3 duty 解釋 “責(zé)任、義務(wù)”, 這是一個(gè)常規(guī)用詞.

強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)當(dāng)去做或者避免去做一件事;它的涵義側(cè)重于發(fā)自內(nèi)心.從道德、倫理、良心或傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣等出發(fā)的責(zé)任和義務(wù). duty 可指的責(zé)任或義務(wù)可對己,也可對人.

4.1.4 be responsible for sth 課文里面的用詞,意思是“對…負(fù)責(zé)”. 其涵義在于:

指人在道義上負(fù)有某義務(wù)或要施行某責(zé)任.

4.2 簡化句中的 traders 對應(yīng)于原句中的哪部分呢?

traders 和課文中的 whether the buyer or the seller 這個(gè)部分相對應(yīng).

whether A or B: “不論是 A 還是 B”.值得注意的是后面的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式. 課文中用的是 is.

4.3 簡化句中的 relevant,也就是詞組be responsible for后面的這個(gè) sth. 那么, 貿(mào)易商究竟要對哪些 sth 負(fù)責(zé)呢?

such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and…

4.3.1 such A as B 解釋“如…的,像…的”:

4.3.2 這里的 A 是指 necessity, 復(fù)數(shù): necessities.

necessity 原意:“必然的事,決不可無的事”這里可解釋為“必定要做的事”. 課文中用的是復(fù)數(shù),意思是要做的事情還不止一件哦.

4.3.3 這里的 B 是指:

(1) export license (英語用:licence,美語用:license,下同): 出口許可證

import license 進(jìn)口許可證

license system 許可證制度

license-trading 許可證貿(mào)易

driving license 駕駛執(zhí)照

license / licence 一般指的是由法律認(rèn)可的機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)給的正式書面的許可證.

(2) inspection 檢驗(yàn)

全稱是: commodity inspection 商品檢驗(yàn)

再如: shanghai entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau

上海出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局

4.3.4 綜合前三例,我們終于明白了:買賣雙方必須各自要對諸如進(jìn)出口許可證、進(jìn)出口清結(jié)關(guān)、商品檢驗(yàn)檢疫等事項(xiàng)負(fù)責(zé).這是他們應(yīng)盡的責(zé)任和義務(wù).

4.5 這句關(guān)鍵的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞 specify

(1) specify = to give exact details of something

“明確說明,具體說明,詳述,指明” 由這個(gè)動(dòng)詞引申出來一個(gè)很要緊的名詞是: specification (說明書)這些定義性的常見字詞還有:

(2) mean = to represent (a meaning) “意指,意思是…,表示…的意思”

(課文中有這個(gè)詞)

(3) state = express in words, esp. carefully, fully and clearly

“陳述,表述”

(4) explain = to give the meaning of something “闡明,說明,解釋”

(5) indicate = state briefly, point out “表明,表示”

(6) define = to explain the exact meaning of (a word, a phrase, etc).

“給…下定義,定義為”

5. 句子：

They specify at which point the risk of loss and/or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities.

我們可以把句子簡化成:

The 13 trade terms specify the transfer of risks (風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移) besides

division of costs (費(fèi)用的劃分).

5.1 原句中的 they = the 13 trade terms

5.2 transfer of risks (風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移) 系指課文中說的:

at which point the risk of loss and / or damage passes from seller to buyer

5.2.1 point = an exact moment, particular time or state

這是一個(gè)抽象的概念,是一個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞,指“(在空間或時(shí)間真實(shí)的或想象當(dāng)中的)點(diǎn)”.例如:

at this point = at this moment or at this place (在此刻,在此地)

at which point = at which moment or at which place (在何時(shí)何地)

5.2.2 the risk of loss and / or damage 解釋“貨物滅失或損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”

5.2.3 pass from … to … 或 pass … to/into …

pass = change (改變事物的狀況,使變成另一種狀態(tài)), 例如: Water passes from a liquid to a solid state when it freezes.

課文中的意思是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)從賣方的手中轉(zhuǎn)移到買方的手中的

5.3 原句中的 as well as = besides

5.4 division of costs (費(fèi)用的劃分) 系指課文中說的:

which party pays for specific activities.

5.4.1 activity = things (to be) dong 這個(gè)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式尤指“所做或待做的事務(wù)、工作等”

5.4.2 specific = detailed and exact, clear in meaning. “具體的、明確的、詳盡的、詳細(xì)的”

例如: Be specific in your examination answers. (考試答案力求明確具體)

近義詞: definite

反義詞: approximate (大概的、極近于…的)

pays for specific activities 解釋“支付具體事項(xiàng)的費(fèi)用”