高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

一、 在句中不能作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

二、 啥樣呢?

1. 不定式:To do

2. 動(dòng)名詞:Doing

3. 分詞:Done

Eg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue.

圍繞著群島的海洋是深藍(lán)色的

Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done.

☆☆非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ),其邏輯主語(yǔ)為前面賓語(yǔ)

▲ 方法一:口訣法

非謂語(yǔ),三要點(diǎn)。

變否定,NOT前。

哼哈將,時(shí)邏關(guān)。

七仙女,記心間。

(一) 變否定

(二) 哼哈將

1.動(dòng)詞不定式

主動(dòng)關(guān)系 被動(dòng)關(guān)系

一般式 To do To be done

完成式 To have done To have been done

進(jìn)行式 To be doing (To be being done)

完成進(jìn)行式 To have being doing (To have been being done)

▲ 一般式:不定式的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。

A

A:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B:不定式

▲ 完成式:不定時(shí)動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。

A

A:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B:不定式

Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黃河大合唱 last night.

▲ 進(jìn)行式:不定時(shí)的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)正在進(jìn)行

A

A:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B:不定式

Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping.

▲ 完成進(jìn)行式:不定時(shí)的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,一直持續(xù)到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作,到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作為止。不定時(shí)的動(dòng)作有可能剛剛結(jié)束,還有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。

A

A:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B:不定式

Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years.

2.動(dòng)名詞 (同時(shí)具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的雙重性質(zhì),Doing)

主動(dòng)關(guān)系 被動(dòng)關(guān)系

一般式 Doing Being done

完成式 Having done Having been done

▲ 一般式:動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。

A

A:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B:動(dòng)名詞

☆☆若非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生,則通常用"To do" ▲完成式:動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。

A

A:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 B:不定式

Eg6. She didn't acknowledge having received my flowers.

Eg7. Xiaoqiang was so lucky that it had just missed being caught.

To Do

Doing

( 1.固定搭配;2.Eg. mean to do→計(jì)劃 mean doing→意味著 )

☆ ☆某些詞(need, demand→要求, deserve→應(yīng)得, allow, want, worth, require)后,用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)。

Eg8. The house needs repairing.

※ Be worthy of being done

=Be worthy to be done

Eg9. Want +to do(想要……) / doing(想要被……)

3.分詞

1)Doing & Done

& 現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞相區(qū)分的三大原則

a. 現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生 The falling man

過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成 The fallen man

b. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ),其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是其所修飾的詞

The excited man , The exciting man , The exciting film

過(guò)去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞

被動(dòng) 主動(dòng)

Eg10. The amazing man…………(A)

The amazed man…………(B)

A.小丑 B.觀眾

c. 現(xiàn)在分詞有時(shí)間邏輯上的變化,而過(guò)去分詞沒(méi)有

主動(dòng)關(guān)系 被動(dòng)關(guān)系

一般式 Doing Being done

完成式 Having done Having been done

☆ ☆三個(gè)區(qū)分:

~ Done & Being done

Done 已經(jīng)被 Being done 正在被

~ Done & Having done

~ Done & Having been done

已經(jīng)被(通?？苫Q)

過(guò)去分詞更強(qiáng)調(diào)一種由始至終的動(dòng)作,

Having been done更強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生

Eg11. English is a language spoken all over the world.

Eg12. Having best shown to the library, we were taken to the restaurant.

2)獨(dú)立主格

自己的 主語(yǔ)

Eg13. She was standing behind the door with a book in her hand.

獨(dú)立主格:(兩大語(yǔ)法功能)

a. 具有自己本身的邏輯主語(yǔ),這個(gè)主語(yǔ)不是句子中真正的主語(yǔ)

b. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在整個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)

adj.

adv.

介詞短語(yǔ)

不定式

Doing →主動(dòng)

Done →被動(dòng)

Eg14. The job __A__, we went straight home.

A. finished B. finishing

C. had finished D. was finished

(三) 七仙女

非謂語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 介詞

賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)

補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)

不定式

動(dòng)名詞

分詞

邏輯主語(yǔ) 本身 通常是句子本身主語(yǔ) 通常是句子本身主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 句子本身主語(yǔ) 所修飾的詞 通常是句子本身主語(yǔ)

1) 作主語(yǔ)區(qū)分

▲ Dong 更強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作

To do 更強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性動(dòng)作

& Doing-To do 轉(zhuǎn)換

Eg15. Smoking is harmful to our health.

& It is / was+adj./n./done+for/of+sb/sth+to do……(To do做真正主語(yǔ))

& It is / was+no good/use+doing

2) 作賓語(yǔ)區(qū)分

& like/love/hate/prefer+to do+doing

(To do更強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性動(dòng)作;Doing更強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作)

Eg16. I like dancing but I don't like to dance with you now.

& (見(jiàn)例)To do 表將來(lái),

Doing 表事已做過(guò)

Eg17. Remember

Forget

Regret

▲ 方法二:講故事法

& Eg18. mean+to do/doing

Stop/go on+to do/doing

3) 作介詞賓語(yǔ)區(qū)分

& prep.+doing

Eg19. On being introduced to strangers British people often shake hands.

&prep+疑問(wèn)詞+to do

Eg20. Xiaoqiang always gives me some advice on how to express my feelings.

& Look forward to doing 盼望著做某事

Be used to doing

Be accustomed to doing

Devote oneself / one's life to doing

Can't help but do = Have to do

& Used to do 過(guò)去習(xí)慣做某事(表示現(xiàn)在不干了)

Am/is/are used to doing 現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于做某事

Be used to do 被用來(lái)作為……

Was/were used to do 過(guò)去被用來(lái)做某事(不強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在)

4) 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)區(qū)分

& ask sb to do sth.

& 感官動(dòng)詞:see, look at, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel

Eg21. do 看見(jiàn)某人做某事(整個(gè)過(guò)程)

doing 看見(jiàn)某人正在做某事

being done 看見(jiàn)某人正在被……

done 看見(jiàn)某人被

& 使役動(dòng)詞→"使"(共四個(gè))

Let, Get, Make, Have

Eg22. Let sb do

Get sb to do(主) / done(被)

I can't get the car start.

Make sb do(主) / done(被)

Be made to do

Have to do / done

Have sth to do

注意:區(qū)分have意思

Eg23. - Excuse me, where is Room 301/

- Just a minute. I'll have Bob show you your room.

5) 作狀語(yǔ)區(qū)分

句子, (狀語(yǔ))

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 成分

& 不定式作狀語(yǔ)

通常表示目的、結(jié)果、程度

常譯為"為了……"

& 分詞作狀語(yǔ)

通常表示伴隨、條件、方式、原因

Eg24. Seeing from the FHS, we've got a wonderful view.

Eg25. The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area.

☆ ☆常用搭配:

1. To tell you the truth, …

2. too…to…

3. only to…(通常引出意想不到的結(jié)果)

4. Lift a stone only to drop on his own feet.

5. enough to… 足以……

6. generally speaking 通常情況下說(shuō)

7. judging from / by

6) 作定語(yǔ)區(qū)分

& 不定式

通常放在被修飾詞之后,用來(lái)表示一次性或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作

& 動(dòng)名詞

通常放在被修飾詞之前,用來(lái)表示被修飾詞的性質(zhì)、特征、用途

& 分詞

既可放在被修飾詞之前,又可放在被修飾詞之后,通常表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作;

現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或一種持續(xù)狀態(tài);

過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)

7) 作表語(yǔ)區(qū)分

系動(dòng)詞:Like, get, come, see, smell…

& 不定式

通常具有名詞性質(zhì),用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)所具有的內(nèi)容,更強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作

& 動(dòng)名詞

通常具有名詞性質(zhì),用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)所具有的內(nèi)容,更強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作

& 分詞

通常具有形容詞性質(zhì),用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)所具有的興趣和特性

Eg26. My job is feeding / to feed pigs.

名詞性從句

一、通常由一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)小句具有名詞的性質(zhì),在整個(gè)大句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分(主、賓、表、同位、補(bǔ))

▲ 主語(yǔ)從句

▲ 賓語(yǔ)從句

▲ 同位語(yǔ)從句

▲ 表語(yǔ)從句

▲ 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)從句

二、

1.引導(dǎo)詞

分類(lèi)

引導(dǎo)詞 詞形 詞義 從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?省略

連

接

詞 That 主、同位不可省;表、賓可省

Whether 是 聯(lián)想諧音記頭法(千萬(wàn)孤獨(dú))

If 否

連

接

代

詞

特指(泛指) Who(ever) 誰(shuí) 主、表

Whom(ever) 誰(shuí) 賓

What(ever) 什么 主、賓、表

Which(ever) 哪一個(gè) 主、賓、定

Whose(ever) 誰(shuí)的 定

☆有選擇項(xiàng)用"Which",沒(méi)有選擇項(xiàng)用"What"

☆"Whose"必須和后面名詞同時(shí)省略

連

接

副

詞 When(ever) 時(shí)間

Where(ever) 地點(diǎn)

Why 原因

How(ever) 方式、程度

Eg27. This is what I like.

▲找查原則

找從句 查成分

Eg28. This is where I run

析: S+謂(eg. I ran)

S+謂+(介+賓)/狀

Eg29. Mary wrote an article on (why the team had failed to win the match).

2.語(yǔ)時(shí)俱進(jìn)

1)語(yǔ)序:疑問(wèn)句在從句中要按正常語(yǔ)序排列(疑問(wèn)詞+S+謂)

2)時(shí)態(tài):要保持一致

▲Whether與If

& 主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中通常用Whether

& 介詞后,不定式前,通常用Whether

& "Whether or not"與"If"不可互換

"Whether…or not"與"If"可互換

4. 常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)

1) 主語(yǔ)從句

& 放在句前,主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

& 固定搭配

It is / was +adj./n./done +that從句

& It seems /happens + that…

Eg30. Which way you turn is up to you.

2) 表語(yǔ)從句

As As if As though Because

Eg31. He looks as if he were drunk.

& The reason … is /was + that…

& It is /was + the reason + why… (定語(yǔ)從句)

Because 那是因?yàn)?/p>

Why 那就是…的原因

Eg32. It is because he has just broken up with his girl friend.

3) 賓語(yǔ)從句

& S + vt. + O

S + vi. + prep + O

S + v (tell, teach, give, show, make, send) + O + O

Eg33. Our thoughts make us what we are. 思想塑造人

& S + 謂 + it + adj. + that從句/to do

& 疑 + do you think /suppose + 從句主語(yǔ) + 從句謂語(yǔ) + 其它

& 客觀真理一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

4) 同位語(yǔ)從句

& 通常由that引導(dǎo),放在某些固定的名詞(plan, idea, news, fact, hope…)之后

& n.= that… (同位語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明前面的名詞所具有的內(nèi)容)

Eg34. The news that she had received the flowers was true.(同位語(yǔ)從句)

The news that she had heard was true.(定語(yǔ)從句)

關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系副詞

That Why

Which Where

Who When

Whom (But)

Whose

As

定語(yǔ)從句

Eg35. I saw a flying pig in the sky.

→ I saw a pig which was flying in the sky.

一. 關(guān)系代詞&關(guān)系副詞

▲ "三板斧"原則

1. 砍逗號(hào)

That, but, why不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

2. 砍先行詞

(人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因)

3. 砍成份

(定語(yǔ)從句中缺少的成分→主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ))

引導(dǎo)詞 詞形 先行詞 從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?范圍

關(guān)

系

代

詞 Who 1. 人(含人名)

2. 擬人的物

3. all, those等,指人時(shí)

4. 集合名詞表個(gè)體時(shí)(people, police,team, class, enemy,committee, group) 1. 主語(yǔ)

2. 賓語(yǔ)(口語(yǔ)中) 限&非限

Whom (同上) 1. 賓語(yǔ)(可省略)

2. 介詞賓語(yǔ) 限&非限

☆ prep + whom, whom不可省略

☆ prep +whom, whom可以省略

That

Eg. The girl that /--- /whom I wrote a letter to is… 1. 人

2. 物

3. 人和物

(sb.+sth.)

4. 不定代詞

5. 先行詞被最高級(jí)序數(shù)詞(only, very, all, few, many, much, little等)修飾 1. 主語(yǔ)

2. 賓語(yǔ)(可省)

3. 介詞賓語(yǔ)

☆prep不能放在that前且可以省略 限

Which 1. 物

2. 集合名詞表物

3. 句子

4. 不明性別的嬰兒 1. 主語(yǔ)

2. 賓語(yǔ)(可省)

3. 介詞賓語(yǔ) 限&非限

☆prep + which, 介詞賓語(yǔ)不可省

☆prep + which,介詞賓語(yǔ)可省

Whose 1. 人2. 物 定語(yǔ) 限&非限

☆ 必須和后面的名詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)

☆ Whose = n.+ of + whom /which

Eg The Northern Island is famous for the area of hot spring, some of which are throw…into the sky.

Eg. New Zealand has population of about 3.1 million people of which 14 percent are Maoris.

☆關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞要盡量靠

近先行詞

But

Eg.There's nobody but has his faults. 1. 人

2. 物

☆主句變否定句

☆But = who not

= that not 主語(yǔ) 限

As

As we all know /expect

Such /That + n. + that

As often happens 1. 人

2. 物3. 整句 1. 主語(yǔ)

2. 賓語(yǔ)

3. 表語(yǔ)4. 狀語(yǔ) 限&非限

☆ As VS Which

1. Which 不能放在整句句首

2. As 要多譯一個(gè)"正如"

關(guān)

系

副

詞 Where

=prep + which 1. 地點(diǎn)

2. 時(shí)間3. 原因 狀語(yǔ) 限&非限

When

=prep + which 1. 地點(diǎn)

2. 時(shí)間3. 原因 狀語(yǔ) 限&非限

Why

=for which 1. 地點(diǎn)

2. 時(shí)間3. 原因 狀語(yǔ) 限

二. 定從中的主謂一致

1. 定從中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞取決于先行詞(先行詞為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù))

2. which & as 若替代整個(gè)句子的句意,則定從中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

3. 若先行詞為one of the + n.(pl.), 則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);

若先行詞為the only one of the + n.(pl.), 則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

三. "限制性定語(yǔ)從句"與"非限制性定語(yǔ)從句"的區(qū)分

Eg36. Xiao Qiang, who lives in Beijing, is my brother.

Xiao Qiang who lives in Beijing is my brother.

1.","逗號(hào)

2. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用來(lái)限制、修飾先行詞,不能省略,通常放在先行詞前,與主句譯為一句;

非限制性定語(yǔ)從句起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,通常可省略,翻譯時(shí)與主句譯為兩句。

3. Which & As 在引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只能用來(lái)替代先行詞詞義;

引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),還可替代整個(gè)句子的句意。

狀語(yǔ)從句

(時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、讓步、條件、方式、目的、結(jié)果、比較)

→比方讓木(目)條原地開(kāi)花結(jié)果實(shí)(時(shí))

(一) 比較狀語(yǔ)從句

"三要":AS之間要原形, ("as…as…"結(jié)構(gòu),中間加adj./adv.原形)

比較對(duì)象要對(duì)立, eg. YY likes dogs more than I (do).

THAN后主賓要分清

(二) 方式狀語(yǔ)從句

As→正如,像

As if

As though

(三) 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

1. Though /All though /Even if /Even though /While 后面不加"but","however"… ;可以出現(xiàn)yet, still, nevertheless

2. Whatever =No matter what, 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)不可替換,引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以替換。

3. Adj.

Adv.

Article +n.

Verb

Eg37. Ugly as I am, I am tender.

(四) 目的狀語(yǔ)從句

In order that…

So that…

So…that…

(五) 條件狀語(yǔ)從句(條件狀語(yǔ)從句中不能用將來(lái)時(shí))

1. if… →主將從現(xiàn)

2. unless = if…not 除非

3. as long as… 只要……

provided that…

providing that…

on condition that…

(六) 原因狀語(yǔ)從句

Seeing that…

Considering that…

In that… 因?yàn)?hellip;…(引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句)

(七) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

Wherever, Where, Anywhere, Everywhere

Eg38. People don't lack strength they lack will.

(八) 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

1. so +adj./adv. + that…

so many /few /much /little +n. +that…

so +adj. +a /an +n. +that…

2. such +n. + that…

such + a lot of +n. +that…

such a /an +adj. +n.+ that…

(九) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

1. When, While, As

突然 然而 伴隨

2. before & after

3. as soon as 可用在任何時(shí)態(tài)

=hardly had done when did

=scarcely had done when did

=no sooner had done when did

Eg39. The students had hardly seen me when they ran off.

→Hardly had the students seen me when they ran off.

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

完全情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:can / could, may / might, will / would, hall / should, must, ought to

半情態(tài)動(dòng)詞: need, done

Eg27. Can <1>本義:能夠;<2>推測(cè):可能

Can't <1>本義:不能;<2>推測(cè):不可能

虛擬語(yǔ)氣

通常提出一種不可能存在的假設(shè)或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)

& 對(duì)現(xiàn)在:If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do

& 對(duì)將來(lái):<一> If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do

<二>If+were to do / should do, S+would / should / could / might+do

& 對(duì)過(guò)去:If+had done, S+ would / should / could / might+have done

☆☆虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的被動(dòng)此一律用Was

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞專(zhuān)題

基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

(一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的定義

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度。

(二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)

1)有一定詞義;

2)不受主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化影響;

3)與主要?jiǎng)釉~的原形(或稱(chēng)不帶to的不定式)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)(除ought to作固定詞組看待)。

(三)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法

1. can (could)

1)表示能力,could主要指過(guò)去時(shí)間。

Two eyes can see more than one. 兩只眼比一只眼看得清。

Could the girl read before she went to school? 這女孩上學(xué)前能識(shí)字嗎?

2)表示可能(理論上或是邏輯判斷上)。

The temperature can fall to -60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing.

氣溫可降至-60℃,也就是零下60℃。

He can't (couldn't) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足夠的錢(qián)買(mǎi)新車(chē)。

You mustn't smoke while you're walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.

在林子里走時(shí)勿吸煙,那樣可能會(huì)引起火災(zāi)。

3)表示允許。

Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新鋼筆嗎?

He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room.

他問(wèn)他可不可以把書(shū)帶出閱覽室。

4)表驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度。主要用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句中。

Where can (could) they have gone to? 他們會(huì)去哪兒了呢?

He can't (couldn't) be over sixty. 他不可能超過(guò)六十歲。

How can you be so careless? 你怎么這么粗心?

5)比較委婉客氣地提出問(wèn)題或陳述看法。

Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 幫我一把好嗎?

I'm afraid we couldn't give you an answer today. 恐怕我們今天不能給你答復(fù)。

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2. may (might)

1)表允許,might可以指過(guò)去時(shí)間,也可指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間,語(yǔ)氣更委婉。

You may take whatever you like. 你喜歡什么就拿什么。

He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告訴我可以在房間里抽煙。

May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一張你寶寶的照片嗎?

在回答以may引起的問(wèn)句時(shí),多避免用這個(gè)詞,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly.

/ Please don't ./ You'd better not. / No, you mustn't.等,以免顯得太嚴(yán)峻或不客氣。

2)表可能(事實(shí)上)?？梢灾高^(guò)去時(shí)間,也可以指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間,但語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定。

He may be at home. 他可能在家。

She may not know about it. 她可能不知道這件事。

He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他擔(dān)心他們可能不同意他的意見(jiàn)。

They might be having a meeting, but I'm not sure. 他們有可能在開(kāi)會(huì),不過(guò)我不肯定。

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3. must

1)表示義務(wù)。意為"必須"(主觀意志)。

We must do everything step by step. 我們一切都必須循序漸進(jìn)地做。

You mustn't talk to her like that. 你不可能那樣對(duì)她說(shuō)話。

--Must we hand in our exercise-books now? 我們現(xiàn)在就要交練習(xí)本嗎?

--No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必。(這種情況下,一般不用mustn't)

2)表示揣測(cè)。意為"想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定"等,只用于肯定句。

He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他準(zhǔn)是病了。他的臉色蒼白。

She's wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴著鉆石項(xiàng)鏈,一定很有錢(qián)。

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4. shall

1)表征詢(xún)意見(jiàn),用于第一、第三人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句。

Shall I get you some tea? 我給你點(diǎn)茶好嗎?

Shall the boy wait outside? 讓那男孩在外面等嗎?

What shall we do this evening? 我們今晚做什么?

2)表說(shuō)話人的意愿,有"命令、允諾、警告、決心"等意思,用于第二、第三人稱(chēng)陳述句。

You shall do as I say. 按我說(shuō)的做。(命令)

You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答復(fù)。(允諾)

He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他會(huì)后悔的,我告訴你。(警告)

Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我們執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。(決心)

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5. will

1)表意愿,用于各種人稱(chēng)陳述句。

I will do anything for you. 我愿為你做任何事。

None is so blind as those who won't see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。

If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. 如果你愿意讀這本書(shū),我會(huì)把它借給你。

2)表請(qǐng)求,用于疑問(wèn)句。

Will you close the window? It's a bit cold. 請(qǐng)你把窗戶(hù)關(guān)上好嗎?有點(diǎn)冷。

Won't you drink some more coffee? 再來(lái)一點(diǎn)咖啡好嗎?

3)表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。

Fish will die out of water. 魚(yú)離開(kāi)水就不能活。

The door won't open. 這門(mén)打不開(kāi)。

The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.

那男孩常常坐在那里好幾個(gè)鐘點(diǎn),看著車(chē)輛行人通過(guò)。

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6. should

1)表義務(wù)。意為"應(yīng)該"(某件事宜于做),用于各種人稱(chēng)。

You should be polite to your teachers. 你對(duì)老師應(yīng)該有禮貌。

You shouldn't waste any time. 你不應(yīng)該浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

2)表推測(cè),意為"想必一定、照說(shuō)應(yīng)該、估計(jì)"等。

The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.

這部新電影是一流演員主演的,估計(jì)拍得很好。

They should be home by now. 照說(shuō)他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到家了。

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7.would

1)表意愿。

They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他們不讓他進(jìn)去因?yàn)樗轮婆f。

I said I would do anything for you. 我說(shuō)過(guò)我愿意為你做任何事。

2)表委婉地提出請(qǐng)求、建議或看法。

Would you like another glass of beer? 再來(lái)杯啤酒好嗎?

Would you mind cleaning the window? 請(qǐng)把窗戶(hù)擦一下好嗎?

They wouldn't have anything against it. 他們不會(huì)有什么反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。

3)表過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過(guò)去的一種傾向。

Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.

她每遇到麻煩都會(huì)向她求助。

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8. ought to

1)表義務(wù),意為"應(yīng)該"(因責(zé)任、義務(wù)等該做),口氣比should稍重。

You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父親,應(yīng)當(dāng)管他。

You oughtn't to smoke so much. 你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。2)表推測(cè),暗含很大的可能,語(yǔ)氣較弱。

Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韓梅該知道他的電話號(hào)碼。

There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天應(yīng)該是個(gè)好天。

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9. used to

表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在不復(fù)發(fā)生或存在。疑問(wèn)式和否定式有兩種。

He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.他過(guò)去住在鄉(xiāng)下,現(xiàn)在住在城里。

There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.

街道拐角處過(guò)去有座樓房,現(xiàn)在拆了。

I usedn't (didn't use) to smoke. 我過(guò)去不抽煙。

Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你過(guò)去常步行去學(xué)校嗎?

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虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一種表達(dá)方式,當(dāng)我們要表達(dá)自己或某人的主觀愿望的時(shí)候,就用到虛擬語(yǔ)氣了。

虛擬語(yǔ)氣 (高二內(nèi)容,但虛擬語(yǔ)氣在高考的選擇題中已多年未出現(xiàn),主要放在閱讀理解中)

Verb可以決定1pattern句型

2mood語(yǔ)氣 (1)陳述

(2)祈使

(3)虛擬[1]if 一般

含蓄

[2]語(yǔ)氣 should句

[3]原型

[4]其他

簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以分4類(lèi)(1,2,4考的比較多)

1.if條件句

(一般)

if 條件句 主句

現(xiàn)在 if+主語(yǔ)+were/v-ed , 主語(yǔ)+would(should could might)+do

過(guò)去 if+主語(yǔ)+had+v-ed , 主語(yǔ)+would(should could might)+have+v-ed

將來(lái) if+主語(yǔ)+v-ed/were to/should, 主語(yǔ)+would(should could might)+do

$$省略if的用法 1去掉if

2 should /had/were提前

$$錯(cuò)綜 主句和從句發(fā)生的時(shí)間不同,(有些會(huì)給你時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))

if I were you, I would have taken that position.

從句現(xiàn)在 主句過(guò)去

if he had listened to me, he would not be in such a big trouble now.(now)

從句過(guò)去 主句現(xiàn)在

(含蓄)沒(méi)有if在條件句中出現(xiàn)常常是:

given, suppose, supposing, but for=if sb had not been for, but that, otherwise, or, without

2表示建議、命令或要求,在從句中用should do 美語(yǔ)里should常省略

(1)賓語(yǔ)從句

建議:advise propose suggest move recommend

要求:request require demand insist urge

命令:order command direct

$$(insist 表堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為 suggest表暗示 仍用陳述語(yǔ)氣)

(2)主語(yǔ)從句

it is/was +adj/v-ed+that clause

adj/v-ed :important urgent significant vital necessary essential imperative crucial preferable advisable required demanded insistent desired ordered natural

(3)表語(yǔ)/同位語(yǔ)從句

修飾N的表語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)從句中(通常是前兩組的名詞性詞)

advice desire idea suggestion request plan motion demand order proposal requirement command recommendation insistence preference

3原型

eg god bless you. 判斷依據(jù):正常 s第三人稱(chēng) v+es/s

4其他

(1) Wish 從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

現(xiàn)在 were/did

過(guò)去had v-ed/could have v-ed

將來(lái)could/would do

(2) would (had) rather類(lèi)似于wish

$$I would rather you wrote me once a week.(虛擬)

I would rather phone you 3times a week than write you once a week.(情態(tài))

(3) it's about/high time that+s+did……表早該做某事

(4) if only要是……就好了,但愿……常省略主句

if only I were 2 years younger.

(5)as if/though [1]不用虛擬

[2]用 同if虛擬

(6)以防,唯恐 in case,lest,for fear that

還有一些表委婉客氣1would u mind my smoking here ?

表感情色彩it's surprising that she should look so miserable.

在高中階段,虛擬語(yǔ)氣被普遍認(rèn)為是難度大,不易掌握的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目,很容易使初學(xué)者望而生畏,能否從中找出一些規(guī)律呢?下面就是根據(jù)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變化,把虛擬語(yǔ)氣分為四大類(lèi)型,以便掌握。

l.時(shí)間選擇型

當(dāng)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表示一種不能成為現(xiàn)實(shí)、不真實(shí)的情況時(shí),須選擇與現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)和過(guò)去情況相反的三種不同時(shí)間,從而決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。這類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣主要用于如下幾方面:

(1)虛擬條件句(含蓄虛擬條件句)

If l were you,l would study much harder.

(與現(xiàn)在情況相反)

If he did(were to do,should do)it,he would do it well.

(與將來(lái)情況相反)

I wouldn't have finished the work without your help.

(與過(guò)去情況相反)

(2)由 even if(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變化同于虛擬條件句,在口語(yǔ)中也可用直陳語(yǔ)氣。

Even if he were here, he wouldn't be able to help you.

(與現(xiàn)在情況相反)

Nothing could have saved your father,even if the doctor had arrived on time.

(與過(guò)去情況相反)

(3) wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句

I wish I were five years younger than you.

定語(yǔ)從句

關(guān)于定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)單的概念

1.先行詞:被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞。

2.關(guān)系詞:是指連接先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句并且在定語(yǔ)從句中做一定成分的詞,既包括關(guān)系代詞,又包括關(guān)系副詞。

3.定語(yǔ)從句一般放在被修飾的詞后面。

Example:

1. He who/that gains time gains all.

2. The years teach much which/that the days never know.

3. Does Faye Wong still love the singer whose name is Nicolas?

4. Do you know that guy whom my girl is talking to?

5. Almost everyone knows the reason why he is wanted.

6. It was October 23rd when my nephew was born.

7. Paradise is the place where people can live in happiness all the

time.

應(yīng)該如何去確定用用哪個(gè)關(guān)系詞呢?

根據(jù)關(guān)系詞的作用:

(1)連接先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句

(2)在定語(yǔ)從句中做一定成分,這兩點(diǎn)可以在下表的幫助下,快速而有效的查到應(yīng)該用的關(guān)系詞。

所做成分

先行詞 主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)(表語(yǔ)) 定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)

時(shí)間 地點(diǎn) 原因 方式

關(guān)系代詞 人 who that but (whom) (who) (that) whose

物 which that but (which) (that) whose

關(guān)系副詞 物 when where why (how) (that)

注:

1)括號(hào)中的關(guān)系詞可以省略。

2)關(guān)系詞前有介詞而且關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)(表語(yǔ))時(shí),指人時(shí)用whom,指物時(shí)用which, 而且不能省略。

3)such(the same) + 人或物+ as

4)but可以用作引導(dǎo)定于從句,相當(dāng)于but...not, which...not或who...not,這時(shí)主句通常是否定。

there's is no rule but has exception.(=that has not)

in china, there is nobody but knows the Great wall.(=who doesn't know)

there was not a single person there but thought you were in the right.(=who didn't think)

找正確的關(guān)系詞的方法:瞻前顧后

瞻前:先看先行詞是人還是物。

顧后:看關(guān)系詞在后面的定語(yǔ)從句中所做的成分。

Non-restrictive attributive clause

非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,沒(méi)有從句并不影響主句意思的明確或完整。這種從句一般用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,一般通常不用關(guān)系代詞that。有時(shí),主從復(fù)合句中的定語(yǔ)從句是限定性的還是非限定性的取決于全句意思或上下文。

限定性定語(yǔ)從句是句子中不可缺少的組成成分。如沒(méi)有限定性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞的意思就不明確,主句也不完整,從句和主句之間不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。

在定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that的情況

1. 在先行詞為all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代詞。

2. 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等詞修飾。

3. 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last 等詞修飾。

4. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。

5. 當(dāng)先行詞表示人和物時(shí)。

e.g.

1. We should do all that is useful to the people.

2. You can take any seat that is free.

3. This is the last place that I want to visit.

4. This is the best novel that I have ever read.

5. We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.

在定語(yǔ)從句中只能用which的情況

在定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞which 和that都常用來(lái)指物,一般沒(méi)有什么區(qū)別。但必須掌握某些只用which而不用that的特定情況。

在定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用which 的情況

1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前使用介詞時(shí)。

2. 用在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中

3. 先行詞本身是that時(shí)。

4. 有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,其中一個(gè)用了that, 另一個(gè)宜用which

e.g.

1. This is the train on which we went to Tianjin.

2. Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.

3. The predicate is that which is said of the subject.

4. At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.