關(guān)于詞匯積累，我們知道雅思寫作所涉及的話題包括教育與學(xué)習(xí)，科技，環(huán)境保護(hù)等十幾個(gè)話題，教師和考生要做好話題詞匯的收集和總結(jié)工作，并學(xué)會(huì)如何使用這些詞匯。當(dāng)然對(duì)詞匯的理解也應(yīng)加強(qiáng)，這里順帶提提詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的問(wèn)題及如何積累詞匯，加強(qiáng)對(duì)詞匯本身的認(rèn)識(shí)，從根本上提高英語(yǔ)水平。

關(guān)于詞匯學(xué)習(xí)存在兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：

1. 詞匯量小

“英國(guó)的COBUILD詞典認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)最基本、最核心的詞匯為6600個(gè)；Laufer認(rèn)為5000個(gè)詞匯應(yīng)是閱讀所需詞匯量的下限，學(xué)習(xí)者若擁有9000詞匯量，閱讀正確率也只有70%；美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Diller認(rèn)為10000詞匯量也才是閱讀中等難度的文章的最基本要求；而 中國(guó) 的桂詩(shī)春教授曾說(shuō)道，對(duì)于英美一年級(jí)大學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，起碼要懂得15000個(gè)詞，TOEFL的選詞范圍約在10000個(gè)詞左右。從這些中外數(shù)字對(duì)比中不難看出，中國(guó)大學(xué)生所擁有的詞匯量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到順利閱讀英語(yǔ)中等難度文章的要求?！绷硗猓n本里每個(gè)單元所學(xué)詞匯無(wú)法涵蓋詞匯的重要組成部分——習(xí)語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)，相對(duì)有限、靜止的詞匯表遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于學(xué)生實(shí)際交際的需要。要彌補(bǔ)這一不足，需要教師在課堂上引導(dǎo)學(xué)生以不同主題內(nèi)容為單位，學(xué)習(xí)與這一主題相關(guān)的盡可能豐富的詞匯、表達(dá)方式和相關(guān)背景知識(shí)。

2. 語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)與文化脫節(jié)

“從另一方面說(shuō)，詞匯量在兩千左右的大學(xué)新生的交流能力極差。英國(guó)的BBC曾經(jīng)公布過(guò)這樣一個(gè)數(shù)字，說(shuō)一個(gè)英國(guó)農(nóng)民一輩子常用詞匯不到1000個(gè)，但是他日常生活中所要表達(dá)的東西和一個(gè)感情豐富的偉大詩(shī)人是沒有什么不同的”。而在課堂上能熟練用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)自己思想的學(xué)生不到二成，學(xué)生在看電影時(shí)均表示里面所用詞匯雖然簡(jiǎn)單，但是他們能聽懂的不到三分之一。學(xué)生之所以無(wú)法自由地運(yùn)用已有詞匯表達(dá)思想，是因?yàn)檎n堂上所學(xué)內(nèi)容沒有與實(shí)際生活相聯(lián)系，沒有與他們所學(xué)專業(yè)相聯(lián)系。

如何提高英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)，總結(jié)認(rèn)為可歸結(jié)為以下幾點(diǎn)：

1. 廣泛閱讀，增加詞匯量

考生平時(shí)可多閱讀英語(yǔ)美文，這些文章給學(xué)生提供了完美的語(yǔ)言文章典范，在寫作上幫助較大。

2. 通過(guò)日常生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的分類詞匯學(xué)習(xí)，增加詞匯量

把語(yǔ)言知識(shí)放到專題學(xué)習(xí)里，內(nèi)容一出來(lái)，就有了語(yǔ)境又是生活中最常見的情景，學(xué)生有興趣、記得也快，稍加練習(xí)就可以記住。例如，一篇講述盲人運(yùn)動(dòng)員的奮斗歷程文章，這篇文章用記敘文的寫作手法，激勵(lì)學(xué)生 英文討論，樹立積極向上人生觀等方面都能起到較好效果，但對(duì)學(xué)生在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的英文交際則幫助有限。若以此為引子，展開輔助話題就 體育 運(yùn)動(dòng)這個(gè)大領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行英文探索，加上2008北京奧運(yùn)的舉辦，學(xué)生明顯對(duì)這個(gè)話題有較高的積極性。日常生活中，常見的話題還包括醫(yī)療、飲食等，這些文章老師都應(yīng)收集并推薦給學(xué)生，強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言與現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)技能、現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的聯(lián)系；學(xué)生有更多的機(jī)會(huì)運(yùn)用他們已有的相關(guān)內(nèi)容的知識(shí)和專長(zhǎng)，從而上升了語(yǔ)言和該內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí)的更高階段。也就是說(shuō)，幫助學(xué)生增加詞匯量的第二個(gè)方法是選擇日常生活的醫(yī)療、飲食、教育等常見話題的文章，讓學(xué)生.通過(guò)閱讀掌握日常生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的分類詞匯。

3. 深刻反映英美文化的學(xué)習(xí)，增加詞匯量

舉個(gè)例子，在閱讀時(shí)如果遇到 at eleventh hour（意思為在最后時(shí)刻在危急關(guān)頭），這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)里每個(gè)單詞學(xué)生都認(rèn)識(shí)，但學(xué)生仍然感到記憶困難。為什么呢？在他們長(zhǎng)期記憶的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備中，最后一刻最多只能和last，final，eventual這樣的單詞聯(lián)系起來(lái)，即便是最后一個(gè)小時(shí)，他們也認(rèn)為是twenty-third hour，第二十三個(gè)小時(shí)而不是第十一個(gè)。因此，在運(yùn)用工作記憶對(duì)這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行試圖理解的同時(shí)，已經(jīng)無(wú)法做到對(duì)其進(jìn)行記憶并進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)化成自己的使用方式。但如果學(xué)生的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備里已經(jīng)知道古猶太人將白天分為12小時(shí)自日出算到日落。Eleventh hour既不指現(xiàn)在的上午11時(shí)也不指夜晚11時(shí)，而是相當(dāng)于日落前的下午5時(shí)即白天12小時(shí)工作日的“第11小時(shí)”。《圣經(jīng)新約》《馬太福音》第20章中，基督耶酥曾用來(lái)說(shuō)明能夠進(jìn)入天國(guó)的不分先后，即使在最后時(shí)刻也還來(lái)得及。那么，看到eleventh hour就可從長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶里調(diào)出“最后時(shí)刻”的概念，減少理解時(shí)間，相對(duì)地用來(lái)記住這一習(xí)語(yǔ)的工作記憶空間，增強(qiáng)記憶則更快更牢固了。

關(guān)于雅思寫作思路積累，很多考生都是頭腦空空，如何幫助他們收集思路，老師要做的第一步就是要把2005年—2009年的雅思寫作考試試題分話題整理給學(xué)生，讓他們?cè)谄綍r(shí)翻閱并進(jìn)行思考，當(dāng)然光整理出這些考題是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，還要引導(dǎo)他們?cè)趺此伎?，關(guān)于構(gòu)思，可歸結(jié)為四種方法：宏觀微觀法，客觀利弊法，假設(shè)舉例法和對(duì)象要素法，一一舉例進(jìn)行講解。

一、宏觀微觀法，即從宏觀微觀角度對(duì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行思考

如考題：

It is suggested that all the young adults should undertake a period of unpaid work helping people in the community. Does it bring more benefits or drawbacks to the community and the young people?

關(guān)于做義工優(yōu)點(diǎn)：

宏觀：1 There are many people who need help. Indeed, when an old person feels sick, the volunteers could offer first aid before the doctor or the ambulance arrives. Likewise, if a disabled person has difficulty doing some daily activities such as shopping, the assistance from young volunteers is indispensable.

2 The world needs more love.

微觀：1 as far as the young people are concerned, they could develop the sense of responsibility, independence as well as interpersonal skills in the process of helping others in the neighborhood. In this way, people may live in harmony in the community.

2 Get social experience

關(guān)于做義工缺點(diǎn)：

微觀：1 the downsides of volunteer community service are worth mentioning. In fact, in the city like Shanghai, an increasing number of graduates find it harder to make a living on their own. Thus, if all of the young adults are required to do full-time unpaid job in a fixed period, some of them would have no income source, which is unrealistic to these youngsters.

2. In addition, it is believed that community service could possibly take up their time of acquiring knowledge.

二、客觀利弊法

如電子書籍是否能取代傳統(tǒng)書籍，就可從電子書籍客觀利弊來(lái)分析是否可取代。

考題：TV，internet and radio are very popular nowadays. Some people say that they will replace books and written words as the main source of information. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Argue for A

優(yōu)勢(shì)：1. the fastest and most effective way of obtaining information

2.we can get information on TV and in the Internet instead of buying newspapers and going to libraries, which saves time and money.

3. informative/ have super capacities to save information. On the contrary, the capacities of books are limited

ARGUE against A

劣勢(shì)：1. people can not use the electronic media without equipment such as computers and TV sets; however, books are portable.

2. books and written words having  more than 3000 years history are more mature than electronic media

3. no good for protecting the copyrights.

4. People often criticize TV for showing too much sex and violence
三、假設(shè)舉例法

如討論是否可用動(dòng)物做實(shí)驗(yàn)，很多同學(xué)無(wú)話可說(shuō)，我們假設(shè)真的不用動(dòng)物做實(shí)驗(yàn)了會(huì)有什么后果，考題：

some people claim that people should not use live animals to test medicine or toiletry. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

IF WE DID NOT USE ANIMALS TO TEST MEDICINE OR TOIETRY,

1. it is a great limitation on medicine development

2. new products without animal test may be dangerous and harmful

3. if we do not use live animals to test medicine or toiletry, the test objects must be live humans.

四、對(duì)象要素法

我們可從話題所涉及的各個(gè)對(duì)象出發(fā)，如空運(yùn)水果蔬菜是否合理，那么空運(yùn)水果蔬菜所涉及的對(duì)象就多了，包括出口國(guó)，進(jìn)口國(guó)，消費(fèi)者，航空公司和政府。

考題：air transport is increasingly used to export fruits and vegetables to some coutries where can not be grown or out of season. Some people think it is not justified. What is your opinion?

1. for consumers, they can taste some foreign foods without going to other countries.

2. for transporters, such operation can bring much income. Actually, only about 40% seats of plane are in service in off-seasons compared to offering discounted plane tickets, transporting foods may be a better choice.

3. for exporters, such orders are gold of their business. With the development of technology, the yield is increasing, but if those foods can not be sold immediately, they may decay/rot/ go bad/ moldy. The air transportation just solves this problem and brings money for them.

4. for governments, they cannot be happier than receiving tax by economy development.

最后談?wù)勅绾蚊阑渥?，建議老師還應(yīng)給學(xué)生梳理英語(yǔ)句子類型（簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句，復(fù)雜句，并列復(fù)雜句），此外還應(yīng)建議一些高分句式，這些高分句式主要可摘于考官范文，同時(shí)學(xué)生還應(yīng)大量閱讀范文學(xué)習(xí)里面經(jīng)典句型。

一、簡(jiǎn)單句

1．對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題人們持有不同觀點(diǎn)

People hold different opinions /views on this issue.

二、并列句

1. 學(xué)生行為不良似乎成了一個(gè)越來(lái)越廣泛的問(wèn)題，我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代的生活方式要對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)任。

Poor student behavior seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think modern lifestyles are responsible for this.

三、復(fù)雜句

名詞性從句，定語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句。其中名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句。

1 這并不意味著沒有這些條件的人就不能幸福。

This does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy.

2. 盡管有人把幸福和財(cái)富跟物質(zhì)成功聯(lián)系起來(lái)，但另一些人認(rèn)為幸福存在于感情和親密的人際關(guān)系中。

While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving/close personal relationships.

3. 政府應(yīng)該提高公眾的環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)，以此來(lái)促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展并且創(chuàng)造一個(gè)更適合人類生存的環(huán)境。

The government should raise the public awareness of environmental preservation/protection, thereby promoting sustainable development and creating a more livable /inhabitable environment.

/so that sustainable development could be promoted and a more livable environment would be created.

相關(guān)高分句型可總結(jié)，如：

1. in terms of

These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have time for this, but in more material ways.

2. regardless of +詞, no matter + 句子

They are allowed to buy whatever they want, regardless of the price.

They are allowed to buy whatever they want, no matter how much it cost.

3. it is….that 的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式

4. IF 的虛擬句式

5. 狀語(yǔ)前置的句型等

總之，無(wú)論是老師教學(xué)抑或?qū)W生學(xué)習(xí)，在準(zhǔn)備雅思寫作時(shí)，強(qiáng)烈建議詞匯積累，思路收集，美化句式這三步必不可少。

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