I 背景介紹
根據(jù)多年來對(duì)雅思寫作大作文的分析研究,盡管議論文的話題繁多,但其問題模式都可以歸屬于兩大類,討論類和分析解決類,討論類常見的如:
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
What is your opinion?
Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages.
而分析解決是指對(duì)某一負(fù)面現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行原因的分析,再給出解決方法。如:
Discuss the possible causes of this phenomenon and suggest some recommendations about how to combat it.
上述兩類相信參加過雅思考試或者在準(zhǔn)備的烤鴨們都已經(jīng)非常熟悉了,那么在考試中出現(xiàn)幾率較高的是第一類討論型的題目,占了百分之八十以上,所以學(xué)會(huì)此類題目的論證過程的擴(kuò)展對(duì)議論文分?jǐn)?shù)的提高起關(guān)鍵作用。
在雅思寫作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,我們看到前兩個(gè)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,均出現(xiàn)了對(duì)段落擴(kuò)展的描述,第一個(gè)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)task response,指任務(wù)完成度,在文章內(nèi)容方面的體現(xiàn)即文章是否回答了題目的關(guān)于topic的論證,是否都圍繞主題,無偏題離題現(xiàn)象發(fā)生,能否完整全面的對(duì)話題進(jìn)行論證。而第二點(diǎn)coherence and cohesion,指連貫和銜接,內(nèi)容是否連貫,很大程度上取決于論證過程的擴(kuò)展是否有緊密關(guān)聯(lián),有無邏輯性。可見議論文論證過程的合理有邏輯的擴(kuò)展非常重要。
II 讓步段的概念及用法
在議論文中,常見的論證方法很多,如舉例子、解釋、類比、對(duì)比、列數(shù)據(jù)等,今天專家要給大家總結(jié)介紹一類在論證中能否體現(xiàn)論證的全面性的方法,即讓步的論證方法,首先我們來看幾個(gè)句型:
1. As is granted, … However, convincing arguments have been made that …
2. Opponents would argue that… However, …
3. Although/ In spite of the fact that …, people tend to believe that …
4. It is undeniable that …
從以上三個(gè)句型,我們看出讓步就是先退一步承認(rèn)自己不同意的一個(gè)事實(shí),再對(duì)其進(jìn)行反駁,如某人去面試,老板要拒絕聘請(qǐng)錄用這個(gè)員工,他會(huì)在拒絕前先說一番承認(rèn)這個(gè)人在某些方面還不錯(cuò)的一些話,這就是讓步。這樣論證的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是更加全面的論證,不會(huì)一味的一邊倒,就片面的認(rèn)為一個(gè)事件的存在只有優(yōu)點(diǎn)或只有缺點(diǎn),且論證也更有說服力。這種論證方法常出現(xiàn)在討論類的單邊論證中,我們來看一個(gè)題目:
The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
針對(duì)這樣一個(gè)題目,通過審題,題目要求考生探討圖書館是否需要提供高科技媒體。根據(jù)分析,我們可以得出單邊論證的結(jié)構(gòu),同意提供多媒體。具體結(jié)構(gòu)參照如下:
Introduction: State my opinion
The hi-tech media should been provided by the public libraries.
Body: Ph 1 Making concession
Multimedia facilities are expensive.
Ph 2 Reason one to support my opinion.
Hi-tech media can store information much longer than traditional means.
Ph 3 Reason two to support my opinion
Visiting a library with multimedia access is much more interesting.
Conclusion: Restate my opinion
The investment is justified and should be encouraged.
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