由于美國人生活繁忙、緊張,講求快速,時間就是金錢,所以近年來許多美國大學也在推行日常生活的講和寫,不用難字,不寫長句,不含偏見的「三不」。也就是說,盡量使用簡短易懂的白話英語 (Plain English),寫得愈白愈好,用字愈少愈妙,使別人可以一目了然,充分了解。這不但可節(jié)省「思索」時間,也可避免對方的誤解。還有,老外為了族群和諧相處,也不使用帶有偏見的字眼。以下即為一些例子,以供讀者參考。
1、尤其在商業(yè)上,報章雜志或公文書信上,盡量不用難字 (big word) 或過時的字眼 (old-fashioned word);
» 例如:Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure1 of higher learning. (許多人認為道德教育是高等知識的基礎) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)
» Three hundred acres of land is the parameter2 of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英畝的土地是本大學發(fā)展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,會更簡單易懂。)
» This news has been disseminated3 all over the U.S. (這消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更簡單?) (動詞時態(tài)是:spread, spread, spread)
» The president of this college is not diminutive4 in size. (這大學的校長個子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白嗎?)
» I have to elucidate5 this document to my staff. (我要向我的員工解釋這份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也許更明白。)
» Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想嘗試當個醫(yī)生) (如果用try代替endeavor,會更淺白。) (endeavor = try)
» We hope to visualize6 world peace in the future. (我們希望將來看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也許更簡單?。?/P>
» The charitable organization solicits7 for our annual donation. (慈善機構要求我們一年一度樂捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更淺白易懂。)(solicitation是名詞)
» We don't know what may transpire8 when we have a new boss. (當新老板來后,我們不知會有什么發(fā)生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也許更明白。)
» Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提過的事,請盡速辦理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)
»這就像美國大文豪馬克吐溫 Mark Twain 也曾說過:「我不愿在字典里找長字或難字,我絕不用『metropolis』這個字,因為我同樣可以用『city』這個字來代替」。羅斯福總統(tǒng)為了強調美國政府不會遺忘那些窮人,在一篇講詞里用了這么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后來被人批評咬文嚼字,賣弄文筆。如果用淺白易懂的字眼寫成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也許更簡單明白!
2、老外也主張不寫嚕蘇或絢麗的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子應該越短越好,一句能用兩個字,絕不多加一個。 例如:
» At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (現在我們應該為我們的目標團結一致)(如果說:Now, we should pull……更簡單。因為 at this point in time = now)
» Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (雖然我的英語不好,但我不灰心。) (如果說:Although my English is not…… 就更簡短。因為despite the fact that= although = Though)
» I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生應該辭職) (假如說:I think Mr. Lee should……不是更簡單嗎?因為I am of the opinion = I think)
» He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辭職) (若說:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更簡單。因為 due to the fact that = because)
» In the majority of cases, he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜歡騎單車到辦公室) (如果說:Usually, he likes to ride…… 更簡單。因為 in the majority of cases = usually)
» She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜歡茶而不是咖啡) (若說:She prefers tea rather……更簡短清楚,因為 show a preference for = prefer)
» I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)
如果只說:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更簡單嗎?因為 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意義的重復或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:
» The consensus9(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家認為我們必須立即行動)(of opinion 可以省去,因為 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意見。)
» The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信顯示問題尚未解決)(continue to 是多余的字,因為 remain 已經有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成為:The letter shows that the problem remains10 unsolved.)
» He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演說里做出結論) (final 是多余的字,因為 conclusion 已經含有 final 的意思。)
» He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年經商的經驗) (actual 也是多余的字,因為 experience 已有 actual 的意味)
» We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我們裝好收音機的零件)(因為 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)
» Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因為 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上會議報告,請查收)
»寫到這里,想起一位深受美國人民愛戴,一向主張不寫長句、不嚕蘇的美國已故參議員 Stephen Young,他每次受邀參加會議、演講、宴會時,他的回信只有三個字「我會到」(I'll be there)……。也有人打趣的說:「講演或寫作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好?!梗↙ike wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)
此外還有:in reference to = about; draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。
3、老外為了族群和諧相處,除不用歧視或偏見的字眼外,連男女性別,也要避免區(qū)別,以示「平等」。 例如:
» Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人類是世上最聰明的動物)= Man is the smartest animal……。 (如果改為:Human beings are considered the smartest animals…… 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面動詞要用多數,而 man 的后面動詞,則用單數)
» Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (發(fā)展這里的經濟,似乎缺乏人力資源。)(如果說:Labor power seems not strong enough… 也就沒有「男性主義」的感覺。可見 manpower = labor11 power = work force = human resources)
» This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(這個小公司昨天請來一名清潔女工)(如果說:This small company hired an office cleaner…也就沒有男女之分了)
» He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自從1998年他就是委員會主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改為chairperson或chair,就沒有男女之分。) (如指討論會的主持人,也可稱為 moderator 或 coordinator12。)
» Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(許多商人覺得工作壓力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改為 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是單數 man 或 woman,其多數都是 men 或 women。)
» Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察對人民應該有禮貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改為 police officers 就可避免男女性別)
» Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (國會議員應該為其選民說話)(constitute = voter) (我們也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改為 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)
» Stewardesses14 for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(國際航線的空中小姐有時會有時差疲憊的現象)(如把 stewardess13 改為 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服務員。)
同理,我們可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改為 salesperson15;把 mailman 改為 mail carrier 或 postal16 worker;把 foreman 改為 supervisor17 等等。
»當然,一些帶有種族偏見的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要盡量避免使用,以免鬧出麻煩。例如:
»對黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 還可以),禮貌的說法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;
»對白人不要用 Honky(這是黑人罵白人的用字),正確用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;
»對猶太人不要用 Hymies,應該叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
»對越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;
»至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正確的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不過據說西班牙人為了維護自己的文化,倒喜歡別人稱為 Spaniard。
»還有黑白結婚的孩子,也不可稱為 Oreo(Oreo 餅乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。
»有偏見的老外,不叫華人為 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(從前還叫「Yellow Peril」,即黃禍)。
»遇到這種事,怎么辦呢?我建議:「君子不與小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走開」(walk away)。不過老外與你談話時,如果使用這些不禮貌的字眼,那么你就可以說:「For your information, the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想讓你知道:你剛剛所用的字,來描寫我的族群,是很不合適的)。這時,你也可說一句「拜拜」了。
1 infrastructure UbBz5
n.下部構造,下部組織,基礎結構,基礎設施
參考例句:
We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加強科學基礎設施建設。
We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加強文化基礎設施建設,發(fā)展各類群眾文化。
2 parameter eK4xZ
n.參數,參量
參考例句:
It is the parameter of distribution.這就是分布參數。
One parameter which always comes into play is the national economy.國民經濟是一個經常起作用的參量。
3 disseminated c76621f548f3088ff302305f50de1f16
散布,傳播( disseminate的過去式和過去分詞 )
參考例句:
Their findings have been widely disseminated . 他們的研究成果已經廣為傳播。
Berkovitz had contracted polio after ingesting a vaccine disseminated under federal supervision. 伯考維茨在接種了在聯邦監(jiān)督下分發(fā)的牛痘疫苗后傳染上脊髓灰質炎。
4 diminutive tlWzb
adj.小巧可愛的,小的
參考例句:
Despite its diminutive size,the car is quite comfortable.盡管這輛車很小,但相當舒服。
She has diminutive hands for an adult.作為一個成年人,她的手顯得非常小。
5 elucidate GjSzd
v.闡明,說明
參考例句:
The note help to elucidate the most difficult parts of the text.這些注釋有助于弄清文中最難懂的部分。
This guide will elucidate these differences and how to exploit them.這篇指導將會闡述這些不同點以及如何正確利用它們。
6 visualize yeJzsZ
vt.使看得見,使具體化,想象,設想
參考例句:
I remember meeting the man before but I can't visualize him.我記得以前見過那個人,但他的樣子我想不起來了。
She couldn't visualize flying through space.她無法想像在太空中飛行的景象。
7 solicits 9cf2b44c11f1dc2fe4814e3f61a7f84d
懇請
參考例句:
They were planning to solicit funds from a number of organizations. 他們正計劃向一些機構募集資金。
May I solicit your advice on a matter of some importance? 我有一件要事可以請教你嗎? 來自《簡明英漢詞典》
8 transpire dqayZ
v.(使)蒸發(fā),(使)排出 ;泄露,公開
參考例句:
We do not know what may transpire when we have a new boss.當新老板來后,我們不知會有什么發(fā)生。
When lack of water,commonly plants would transpire as a way for cool.在缺乏水分時,植物一般用蒸發(fā)作為降溫的手段。
9 consensus epMzA
n.(意見等的)一致,一致同意,共識
參考例句:
Can we reach a consensus on this issue?我們能在這個問題上取得一致意見嗎?
What is the consensus of opinion at the afternoon meeting?下午會議上一致的意見是什么?
10 remains 1kMzTy
n.剩余物,殘留物;遺體,遺跡
參考例句:
He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.殘羹剩飯喂狗了。
11 labor P9Tzs
n.勞動,努力,工作,勞工;分娩;vi.勞動,努力,苦干;vt.詳細分析;麻煩
參考例句:
We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我們從不延誤付給他勞動報酬。
He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艱苦勞動兩周后,他已經疲憊不堪了。
12 coordinator Gvazk6
n.協(xié)調人
參考例句:
The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, headed by the Emergency Relief Coordinator, coordinates all UN emergency relief. 聯合國人道主義事務協(xié)調廳在緊急救濟協(xié)調員領導下,負責協(xié)調聯合國的所有緊急救濟工作。
How am I supposed to find the client-relations coordinator? 我怎么才能找到客戶關系協(xié)調員的辦公室?
13 stewardess BUkzw
n.空中小姐,女乘務員
參考例句:
Please show your ticket to the stewardess when you board the plane.登機時請向空中小姐出示機票。
The stewardess hurried the passengers onto the plane.空中小姐催乘客趕快登機。
14 stewardesses 1d7231e44b525dfb926043ab47aac26c
(飛機上的)女服務員,空中小姐( stewardess的名詞復數 )
參考例句:
If you need help, stewardesses will be pleased to help you. 如果你需要幫忙的話,空中小姐會很高興為你效勞。
Stewardesses on planes should be employed for their ability, not for their looks. 應該根據能力而不是容貌來錄用飛機上的女服務員。
15 salesperson 7Yoxa
n.售貨員,營業(yè)員,店員
參考例句:
A salesperson works in a shop.售貨員在商店工作。
Vanessa is a salesperson in a woman's wear department.凡妮莎是女裝部的售貨員。
16 postal EP0xt
adj.郵政的,郵局的
參考例句:
A postal network now covers the whole country.郵路遍及全國。
Remember to use postal code.勿忘使用郵政編碼。
17 supervisor RrZwv
n.監(jiān)督人,管理人,檢查員,督學,主管,導師
參考例句:
Between you and me I think that new supervisor is a twit.我們私下說,我認為新來的主管人是一個傻瓜。
He said I was too flighty to be a good supervisor.他說我太輕浮不能成為一名好的管理員。
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